نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 9 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Children’s literature is a new branch of worldwide literature which was first founded in Europe and then spread across the rest of the world including Arabic countries. The human urgent need for education from the time of birth and its inevitable role in the upheavals of any society at different erashave led to the emergence of different intellectuals in the literature of various nationalities who could perceive the significance of children’s literature and created works to enhance their own country’s development . Reja Ali Hovileh is a contemporary Arab writer who created the work “Kan-ma-kan .Hekayat-men-blad sham” and found himself among the children literature writers . Hethen wrote the book “Donya-al-asrar”. The present research is to identify the novelistic elements in this work and their effects on training children’s minds.It aims to find out personal and social requirements of children so as to be able to address them. The research is descriptive- analytic which has used library-electronic resources.The findings show that Reja, observing the criteria for novelistic techniques, has tried to communicate with children and draw them to the story adopting a simple and eloquent style. Accordingly, this helps them to have a better understanding of their surroundings and develop the necessary skills in life. Apart from gaining ethical,social and religious values , they can integrate such values in themselves.

Children are talented to accept or reject many beliefs as childhood has been regarded as a very important stage in life of nations. This intensifies the psychological and educational function of children’s literature with its most important aspect manifested as character creation. Hence, the character of the children’s literature must be natural and credible in addition to being imaginative, resolving the obstacles properly. Credibility and qualificationsof hero make the character lovable and exemplary to children. Zohair Ibrahim Rassam, Iraqi writer, has paid a particular attention to characterization in GhesasAnSa’lab. The current research using descriptive-analytical method intends to clarify credibility and competence of characters in the fiction and elaborate their strategies through artistic analysis of characters especially the main characters of the story. Findings indicate that the narrator using the techniques such as stability, simplicity, real behaviors in world of text and diversity of most of characters render them as believable and competent. Focusing on themes such as wisdom and resistance against the negative character of the story which is a wily fox, the narrator tries to stabilize such features in children’s minds.

Sociology of literature, on the one hand, is related to sociology and ,on the other hand, to literature.This approach mainly focuses on the structure and the content of the literary work and its relation to the society. It also scrutinizes the interaction between literature and the society as well as how the writer reflects social issues from intellectual, religious and social perspectives inthe literary work. The current paper analyzes the novel “Oragh”, by EsamAbdolati adopted from the book “NeiranSadigh” by AlaAsvani, the famous Egyptian writer, from a sociological point of view. The study reveals thatAlaAsvanihas mainly focused on the status of the artists and intellectuals in the Egyptian society. The content of the novel centers around the disregard toward thegifted individuals in scientific and artistic areas in the Egyptian society. By creating talented and capable characters in artistic and scientific domains, the writer tries to depict the problems pertinent to the gifted individuals. Moreover, the writer tries to offer a realistic picture of people`s social life in his era. The novel also offers a criticism of the Egyptian cultural, social and political status. The works of AlaAsvani, as well as those of NajibMahfuz and other writers have been influential in the occurrence of the Egyptian Revolution.

Motif is one the main components of any literary work constituting a part of the theme. Its prominent features are recursiveness and excitability. Motif is not a new emerging knowledge, rather it is old as literature and art.The Ignorance era poets have used certain motifs such as standing on Atlal and Deman , addressing two companions, and telling fortune. Among the contemporary poets in Arabic literature, Badr Shaker AlSiabhas significantly utilized a variety of motifs including river, sea, Jikurvillage and rain. In this paper, the researchers have tried to study the river motif in nine odesof Badr Shaker Divan. The river motif denotes the poet thought and the specific bond he has established with the river. In AlSiab’s view, the river is sometimes manifested as a friend and sometimes manifests the poet himself. The river is not vivacious and lively, rather it represents a depressed individual. Among the aesthetic factors of the river ode, one can refer to the various implications of this phrase. The poet sometimes findsDefamiliarizationsuch as "Nahrelazara " and elsewhere finds a paradox like "Alnhr and Alamut" to act as a reminiscent of a constant struggle for creation and survival. This in turn leads to unity and structural cohesion in the whole elegy. It is also worth mentioning that the diagnosis literary device is among the most frequent motif constructors in these odes Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the article describes how the motif can be applied to nine odesof Badr Shaker Divan.

Zakaria Tamir is one of the most prominent contemporary story writers of Syria who has scrutinized the problems of contemporary mankind from different perspectives. Such a theme evidently requires a modern form incompatible with the traditional form.In “A man from Damascus”, Zakaria Tamir analyses the cultural-social problems of mankind through a give personality using a new style. The purpose of the study is to explore the story writing techniques by ZakariaTamir and its conformity with the distancing theory. The study revealed that distancing theory, proposed by Bertolt Brecht, can be verified. Certain indicators of this theory can be observed inthis short story. Zakaria deals with problems of modern mankind including love, marriage, future, family, prides, and self-esteem. Moreover, the attitudes of the main character of the story towards the above issues are decribed accompanied by a bitter tone covering all aspects of the protagonist’s life. The keycommon motif in the thought and deed of the protagonist isdullness.

Gibran Khalil Gibran (1883-1931) is among the greatest Arab writers and poets who have tried to explore ways to save humanity. Focusing on the inner soul and the necessity of being in touch with it can be seen in many of his works. Although the anecdote of "The Devil" isa linear narrative and does not have the complexity of modern story telling, its symbolic expression makes it appealing to the reader. Using Jung’s mythical criticism, the authors of the study have tried to reveal the symbols and archetypes of the devil anecdote. In this way, they have shown that Alkhoori Sama’ as an archetype heropays a symbolic "trip" at "night" as the unconscious symbol so as to achieve "individuality" or "integrity". He also invites to search "herald" and face "shadow". Also, being guided by the"old man", he can recognize “shadow". Having gone through the above stages, the hero achieves "individuality" followed by "regeneracy". From the viewpoint of mythological criticism, this anecdote enjoys a mythic structure. The symbols and archetypes play an important role in the development of the anecdote. Its mythical form causes this anecdote to be appealing as the reader has repeatedly encountered similar experiences in his subconscious state leading him to have the same feeling with the anecdotehero.

Allamah Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāhis among the contemporary Arab jurists and poets. Besides his studies in religious sciences and due to his rich talent in literature, he has composed some valuable poetry Diwans which have not yet received adequate attention. Among them, we can refer to "Qasayedel-islamva al-Hayat", and" FiZelal al-islam" each of which contains beautiful odes by Allamah Fadl-Allāh. In an ode entitled "fi al-marâqedalhoseyni" in "Qasayedelislam", Allamah Fadl-Allāh mentions the characteristics of Imam Hussain (AS), his uprising and the link between Ashuraand the contemporary world. He also portrays various scenes of Ashura in his own writing including an image of Foratriver after Imam Hossain’s martyrdom. In his poems, Allamah Fadl-Allāhhas used a number of literary devices including simile, metaphor, repetition and present tense. Due to his studies in Najaf’s seminary School and his familiarity with Islamic sciences, he has been greatly influenced by the Quran and Hadith in his poems. It should be noted that the poet has partly composed poems on Imam Hussain (AS) in his other Diwan named "Fi Zelal al-islam".Using an analytic-descriptive approach, the authors of the present paper study the aesthetic aspects of AllamahFadl-Allāh's poetry on the Ashura event.